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B. Henning" [ref=e31] - generic - navigation "tab navigation" [ref=e32] - tablist - tab "Article" [selected, ref=e72] - tab "Metrics" [ref=e73] - region "Tab content" [ref=e19] focusable [tabindex] - generic - link "Get access" [ref=e51] - button "Share" [ref=e74] - StaticText "Share" - button "Cite" [ref=e52] - StaticText "Cite" - link "Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]" [ref=e53] - StaticText "Rights & Permissions" - StaticText "[Opens in a new window]" - heading "Extract" [level=2, ref=e75] - paragraph - StaticText "Isaac De Beausobre, the Huguenot author of one of the best books ever written on Manichæism (" - emphasis - StaticText "Histoire critique de Manichée et du Mani cheïsme" - StaticText ", Amsterdam, 1734, 1739), was the one to make the only sound suggestions on the sources used by Mani for the compilation of his " - emphasis - StaticText "Book of the Giants:" - StaticText " the " - emphasis - StaticText "Book of Enoch" - StaticText ", and the which Kenan, a great-grandson of Noah, discovered lying in a field (vol. i, 429, n. 6). The latter work has been indentified by Alfaric (" - emphasis - StaticText "Lex Écritures Manichéennes" - StaticText ", ii, 32) with a book whose contents are briefly indicated in the " - emphasis - StaticText "Decretum Gelasianum" - StaticText ", p. 54, II. 298–9 (ed. Dobschütz): " - emphasis - StaticText "Liber de Ogia nomine gigante qui post diluvium cum dracone ab hereticis pugnasse perhibetur apocryphys" - StaticText ". Of the " - emphasis - StaticText "Book of Enoch" - StaticText ", which was composed in the Hebrew language in the second century B.C., only an Ethiopic version, a few Greek fragments, and some excerpts made by the Byzantine chronographer Georgius Syncellus survive. Mani, who could hardly read the Hebrew, must have used an Aramaic edition based directly on the Hebrew text (see below, " - emphasis - StaticText "Šhmyz'd" - StaticText "). He quotes mainly from the first part, which Georgius S. (p. 45, EI.-R.) called “the first book of Enoch on the Egrēgoroi”, but shows himself acquainted also with the subsequent chapters." - generic - heading "Information" [level=2, ref=e76] - DescriptionList - term "Type" - definition - StaticText "Articles" - term "Information" - definition - generic - link "Bulletin of SOAS " [ref=e89] - link "Volume 11 " [ref=e90] - link "Issue 1 " [ref=e91] - generic - StaticText "DOI: " - link "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00071214 [Opens in a new window]" [ref=e92] - term "Copyright" - definition - heading "Access options" [level=2, ref=e77] - StaticText "Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)" - heading "Check access" [level=3, ref=e78] - heading "Institutional login" [level=4, ref=e79] - StaticText "We recognised you are associated with one or more institutions that don't have access to this content. If you should have access, please contact your librarian." - link "Provided by Seamless Access Access through your institution" [ref=e80] - image "Provided by Seamless Access" - StaticText "Access through your institution" - heading "Personal login" [level=4, ref=e81] - StaticText "Log in with your " - link "Cambridge Core" [ref=e82] - StaticText " account or " - link "society details" [ref=e83] - StaticText "." - link "Log in to your personal account" [ref=e84] - StaticText "Log in" - heading "Article purchase" [level=3, ref=e85] - heading "Digital access for individuals" [level=4, ref=e86] - StaticText "£24.00" - link "Add article to cart" [ref=e87] - StaticText "Add to cart" - generic - heading "References" [level=2, ref=e88] - generic - StaticText "Numerous variants (p. 126, Dobschūtz), e.g. " - emphasis - StaticText ", etc. In MIgne's " - emphasis - StaticText " the text is in vol. 59, 162–3." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See Charles, " - emphasis - StaticText ", 2nd ed., 1912. For the Greek fragments (and Georgius S.) the edition by Flemming and Radermacher, (= " - emphasis - StaticText ") is quoted here. For Mani's use of the Enoch literature see my papers in " - emphasis - StaticText ", 1934, 27, 27–32, and in " - emphasis - StaticText "., 90, 2–4." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See below A 86–94, and compare G 19–21 with " - emphasis - StaticText " 67, 4, and G 38 with " - emphasis - StaticText " 17, 1; 21,7; 54,6; 67,4–13. On chaps. 72 sqq. see " - emphasis - StaticText ", 1934, 32." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Namely the " - emphasis - StaticText "– (mentioned often in the Armenian history of the fourth century) who claimed descent from the royal house of the Arsacids. This is clear from the Chinese Maniehæan text that preceded the " - emphasis - StaticText ", now printed in the Taishô TripiṠaka as No. 2141a, vol. 54, p. 1280A, but hitherto untranslated: “He was born in the country-of Sunn (= Babylonia), in the royal abode of" - emphasis - StaticText ", by his wife" - emphasis - StaticText " of the family of" - emphasis - StaticText ".” The namein the Byzantine formula of abjuration (Migne, " - emphasis - StaticText "., i, 1468) may be corrupted from " - emphasis - StaticText "-. Thus there is a grain of truth in the assertion in the " - emphasis - StaticText ", 327, 31, that Mani's mother had belonged to the Arsacid house; ibid., " - emphasis - StaticText " (ed. " - emphasis - StaticText ") is given as one of hernames.—It is not proposed to discuss the origin of Mani's father here." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "I have abandoned my earlier opinion on this point (" - emphasis - StaticText "., 90, 4) which was based on insufficient material. The important Sogdian fragment, text H, was not then known to me." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e93] - StaticText "; " - emphasis - StaticText "., 90, 4. [Cf. also Bal. " - emphasis - StaticText ", Geiger, No. 107.]" - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. also Parthian " - emphasis - StaticText ", Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText ", lit. “sons of God” = angels (also fern. Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText "). Thus " - emphasis - StaticText " has a double meaning in Parthian, it being (Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText ") also the translationof Chin. " - emphasis - StaticText ", or rather of Skt. " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Herein he differed from the common interpretation of the passage (Nephilim = giants), shared also by the authors of the " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "M 41: " - emphasis - StaticText " zmbg 'sift cy'whrmyzdbg qyrd 'd dyw'n: dw q'w'n 'wt dw nyw'n." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "This word, in the anti-Manichæan book by Alexander Lycopolitanus, p. 8, 10, ed. Brinkmann, refers neither to the Manich. “First Battle”, nor to Mani's " - emphasis - StaticText ", as Cumont, " - emphasis - StaticText "., i, 3; ii, 160 sq., erroneously states. Cumont goes so far as to say that in the quoted passage Alexander had given a summary of Mani's work, and Benveniste, " - emphasis - StaticText "., xxvi, 213, has repeated this statement. In fact, Alexander says that experts in Greek mythology might quote, from the Greek poets, the " - emphasis - StaticText " yуyαντομαχlα, as a " - emphasis - StaticText " to the Manich. doctrine of the rising by the Hyle against God. In ch. 25 (p. 37, 13 sqq.) Alexander explains that such poetical fables about giants could not be regarded as a satisfactory parallel, because they were myths and meant to be understood as allegories. He then (37, 17) quotes the story of " - emphasis - StaticText " vi, 2–4, which he provides with an allegorical explanation. But he ascribes it to the " - emphasis - StaticText " without even mentioning the " - emphasis - StaticText ". This shows conclusively that he had no knowledge of Mani's book." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Jackson, " - emphasis - StaticText ", 37, 67 sq., has “poisonous mass”; cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1934, 752." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Hence the comparative " - emphasis - StaticText " (e.g. " - emphasis - StaticText "., i) and the superlative Pahl. " - emphasis - StaticText " (e.g. " - emphasis - StaticText "., p. 118, 12 ed. Anklesaria)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Clearly to be derived from Av. " - emphasis - StaticText "- “greatness”. Cf. also Jackson, loc. cit., on " - emphasis - StaticText ". Hence, the first part of the name of Māzandarān probably = “gigantic”." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Thus Dobschūtz, " - emphasis - StaticText "., p. 305." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Dobschūtz, loc. cit., who quotes Fabricius, Cod. " - emphasis - StaticText "., 799 sq., and Migne, " - emphasis - StaticText "., ii, 649, 1295." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "For example, " - emphasis - StaticText "., 68, 12; 69, 12, ed. Andreas; " - emphasis - StaticText ", 9, 10 (p. 71, 19)." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText ", of course, transcribes " - emphasis - StaticText ", not " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "MPers. " - emphasis - StaticText " A 7, with suff. " - emphasis - StaticText " A 19, Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText " C 15 (= " - emphasis - StaticText " οуlï in B). Hardly = " - emphasis - StaticText " (as suggested " - emphasis - StaticText "., 90, 4), for the ending -ōi was pronounced -ōi also in the third century (cf. e.g. " - emphasis - StaticText " in the inscription of Shapur, line 34). Furthermore, there was no Māhōi among the heroes of the Iranian epos (M. is well known as the name of the governor of Marv at the time of the last Yezdegerd). More likely " - emphasis - StaticText " was a non-Iranian name and figured already in the Aramaic edition of the " - emphasis - StaticText "; it may have been adapted to the Persian. Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", Genesis, iv, 18 ?" - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "But see " - emphasis - StaticText "., iii, 858 (b 134 sqq.)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "The children of the Egrēgoroi share with the inhabitants of Airyana Vaēĵah the distinction of being regarded as the inventors (or first, users) of the arts and crafts. For the spelling of " - emphasis - StaticText " see aldo Appendix, text U. It is not clear wheather " - emphasis - StaticText " (text V) had been given a place in the Sogdian " - emphasis - StaticText ", i.e. " - emphasis - StaticText ", is the correst Sogdian form of the name." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "This system of notation has been used also in my book " - emphasis - StaticText ", and in my paper in " - emphasis - StaticText "., X, pp. 941 sqq. The various interpunction marks are uniformly represented by oo here." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "But possibly " - emphasis - StaticText ". i should occupy the first place; see below, notes on lines 95–111." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "= far less than he could say. Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "., xiv, 2, " - emphasis - StaticText ", ibid., xvi, 1. Salemann, " - emphasis - StaticText ", quoted Persian " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "The texts B and C (Uygur and Sogdian) could be inserted here (or hereabouts)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Probably one of the twenty “deearchs” (" - emphasis - StaticText " 6, 7), viz. No. 4 " - emphasis - StaticText ", and Χωβαβιᾑλ apud Syncellus." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "This also could be a “decarch”, " - emphasis - StaticText "- 'Αρκιẑλ, or " - emphasis - StaticText "- 'Ραμιᾑλ." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Incomplete name." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. Enoch 7, 5." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText " might be appellative, = “a board”. This would fit in three of the passages, but hardly in the fourth." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Evidently this is the dream that Enoch reads in the fragment M 625" - subscript - StaticText " (= Text D, below), which therefore probably belonged to the " - emphasis - StaticText ". It should be inserted here." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Here (or hereabouts) the texts E aDd F should be entered, both of which deal with the judgment on the fallen angels. Text F approximates to " - emphasis - StaticText ", ch. 10 (pronouncement of the judgment by God), while Text E is nearer to " - emphasis - StaticText ", ch. 13 (communication of the judgment to the angels by Enoch)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "= " - emphasis - StaticText ", 12, 4–5: Ε⋯π⋯ το⋯ς ⋯λρηΥόροις … ούκ εοταγ ύμίν είρήνη." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "= " - emphasis - StaticText ", 13, 1–5: ⋯ξέ 'Ενώχ … ειπεν … ονκ εσται σοι ειρηνη. κριμα μεΥα εεν κατά σού ήσαι σε … περι … τής άξκς και τής άμαρτιας κτλ." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "= " - emphasis - StaticText ", 14, 6: ιξ,ητε τής ύπώλειαν τών νίών ύμών." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "= Syncellus, pp. 44–5 Fl.-R. (" - emphasis - StaticText ". xvi), cf, " - emphasis - StaticText ", vi, 3. άπολούνται οί άΥαπητοί ύμών … οτι πάσαι αί ήμέραι τής ξωής αύτών άπό τού νύν ού μή έσοντάι πλείω τών έκατόν είκοσιν έτών." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "In Jewish Persian " - emphasis - StaticText " is “ram” (Lagarde, " - emphasis - StaticText "., 73), but in the dialect of Rišahr nr. Bushire (according to the notes made on this dialect by Andreas about seventy years ago) " - emphasis - StaticText " is “a young she-goat”. See " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1942, 248. [" - emphasis - StaticText ", Is. I" - superscript - StaticText ", Ier. 51" - superscript - StaticText " = Hebr. '" - emphasis - StaticText ", probably understood as “he-goat”.]" - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "These lines evidently refer to the promise of peace and plenty that concludes the divine judgment in " - emphasis - StaticText ", 10. Hence = “each pair of those animals shall have two hundred young”?" - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText ": cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ". 487" - emphasis - StaticText ".-488, 3, “when they provoke (" - emphasis - StaticText "-) him, he does not get irritated (" - emphasis - StaticText "- and better, " - emphasis - StaticText "-).” " - emphasis - StaticText ". 5, 8, “if you do not provoke, " - emphasis - StaticText " instigate (" - emphasis - StaticText "-) a fight” (differently Nyberg, ii, 202). " - emphasis - StaticText "-, if from " - emphasis - StaticText "- (Skt. " - emphasis - StaticText "-), is presumably the transitive to " - emphasis - StaticText " (from " - emphasis - StaticText "- according to Bartholomæ), cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1932, 215, n. 3." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", 10, 19: ή άμπελος [sic] ήν άν φντεύσονσιν πρόχονς οίνν χιλιάξας. … έλαίας …." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText " or " - emphasis - StaticText " = " - emphasis - StaticText " from " - emphasis - StaticText " from " - emphasis - StaticText " (cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1935,18), is ambiguous: (1) sharp instrument, (2) burning, glow, brightness, sunrays, etc. So also is " - emphasis - StaticText ": (1)sharpness, (2)speed. One could also restore " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Lit. [but the wing(s) that (is, are) with him]. The curious expression was chosen probably on account of the rhythm. For the same reason " - emphasis - StaticText " is employed in the place of " - emphasis - StaticText " in line 73." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Lit. “beats”." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "'" - emphasis - StaticText "- is obviously different from '" - emphasis - StaticText "- (on which see " - emphasis - StaticText "., IX, 81), and possibly-derived from '" - emphasis - StaticText "-, cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "- “to be born” from " - emphasis - StaticText "- “to be born”. '" - emphasis - StaticText "- is met with in " - emphasis - StaticText "., ii, 558, R i 25, “blessed chief who stands ('" - emphasis - StaticText "?) as the sign of the Light Gods.” Lentz has '" - emphasis - StaticText ", but without having seen the manuscript one may presume a misreading (cf. ibid., R i 1, Lentz: " - emphasis - StaticText ", but probably " - emphasis - StaticText ", R i 2, Lentz: " - emphasis - StaticText ", but probably " - emphasis - StaticText ", ibid., R ii 22, Lentz: '" - emphasis - StaticText ", but probably ]" - emphasis - StaticText "; for further cases see " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1934, 10)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "St. John, 13, 16." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText "phrystn: phryz" - StaticText "- = Parth. " - emphasis - StaticText "prx'stn: prxyz" - StaticText "- (cf. Av. " - emphasis - StaticText "-, Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText "; Parth. " - emphasis - StaticText ": MPers. '" - emphasis - StaticText ") is mostly “to stand around, to be about, " - emphasis - StaticText "”, sometimes “to stand around for the purpose of looking after someone” = “serve, nurse, protect”, often merely “to be”. " - emphasis - StaticText "- “to stand off, to abstain” is presumably different (" - emphasis - StaticText "-)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "The series of visions in which Enoch sees the arrangements for the punishment of the fallen angels, etc., and of “the kings and the Mighty” (chaps, xvii sqq.), follows immediately upon the announcement of the divine judgment. Hence, frgg. " - emphasis - StaticText " must be placed after frg. 1. Text G (below), which describes the execution of the divine order, could perhaps be inserted here." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "It is difiScult to decide whether this fragment should be placed at the end or at the beginning of the book. The 400,000 Righteous may have perished when the Egrēgoroi descended to the earth. The “choosing of beautiful women”, etc., strongly suggests the misbehaviour of the Egrēgoroi on their arrival upon the earth. The hard labour imposed on the Mesenians and other nations may be due to the insatiable needs of their giant progeny (" - emphasis - StaticText ", 7, 2 sqq.). On the other hand, “fire, naphtha, and brimstone” are only mentioned as the weapons with which the archangels overcame the Egrēgoroi, after a prolonged and heavy fight (Text G, 38), and the 400,000 Righteous may well have been the innocent non-combatant victims of this battle which may have had a demoralizing effect even upon the " - emphasis - StaticText ". To clear up the debris the archangels would naturally commandeer the men. We do not know whether Mani believed Enoch to have been moved out of sight (έλήμφΦη " - emphasis - StaticText ", 12, 1) before the Egrēgoroi appeared, or before they were punished." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See texts R, and Q (where 4,000 instead of 400,000)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e94] - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See text T, line 3." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", 7, 1 ?" - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "On " - emphasis - StaticText " see " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e95] - StaticText " on " - emphasis - StaticText ", ibid., 944, n. 7." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText " always = nerves, sinews (not “fat” as in " - emphasis - StaticText "., i, etc., as alternative rendering). It is equivalent to " - emphasis - StaticText " (Chavannes-Pelliot, " - emphasis - StaticText "., 32/3 [528/9]), Uygur " - emphasis - StaticText " (" - emphasis - StaticText ", iii, 18/9), Copt. = " - emphasis - StaticText " (" - emphasis - StaticText "., 96, etc.), Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText "' (unpubl.). Cf. also " - emphasis - StaticText "., 196, 4, where Goetze, " - emphasis - StaticText "., ii, 70, wrongly has “fat”. MPers. " - emphasis - StaticText " = NPers. " - emphasis - StaticText " = Pashto " - emphasis - StaticText " = Sogd. " - emphasis - StaticText "' (not Av. " - emphasis - StaticText "-)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Hardly “to”. Cf. Cumont, " - emphasis - StaticText "., i, 49, and my paper " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1932, 224." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Or: over the Just God, sun and moon, the (" - emphasis - StaticText ": his) two names. The “Just God” is the Third Messenger (not = " - emphasis - StaticText ", i.e. Zrwān)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Unintelligible. Lit. “…two flames given into the (" - emphasis - StaticText ": his) hand”." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e96] - StaticText ", and " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e97] - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. M 171, 32 sqq. " - emphasis - StaticText ", etc. “And some Hearers are like unto the juniper which is ever green, and whose leaves are shed neither in summer nor in winter. So also the pious Hearer, in times of persecution and of free exercise (lit. openmindedness), in good and bad days, under the eyes of the Elect or out of their sight, — he is constant in his charity and faith.” Although the word '" - emphasis - StaticText " is incomplete in both passages, its restoration is practically a certainty." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Possibly the parable of St. Mark, iv, 3 sqq." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "8 Cf. " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e98] - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "An elaborate version of this parable is found in M 221 R 9–23: " - emphasis - StaticText " wjyydg'n “wryyd”wn m'n'g c'wn' Škwẖ myrd [ky] dwxt ‘y nyq z'd hy, 'wd pd wryhryy 'wd'gr'yyẖ 'byr hwcyyhr hy. 'wd h'n myrd ‘y 'škwẖ’w hwcyhryyẖ ‘y’ wy qnyycg xwyš dwxlr prg'myyh cy ''byr h[wcyhr] [h]y. 'wd'wy dwxlr ‘y hwcyhr [ M.’wš 'w š'ẖ hndyym'n [qwnyh] 'wd š'ẖ'wy qnycg ps[ndyh?] 'wd pd znyy nš'yy. 'wš [ ] pws 'cyygšz'ynd[ ] pwsryn ‘yš’c 'w[y myrd ‘y 'š]kwẖ dwxlr z['d (remainder missing), “The Hearer that brings alms to the Elect, is like unto a poor man to whom a pretty daughter has been born, who is very beautiful with charm and loveliness. That poor man fosters the beauty of that girl, his daughter, for she is very beautiful. And that beautiful daughter …, he presents her to the king. The king approves of her, and puts her into bis harem. He has [several] sons by her…. The sons that were born to that poor man's daughter.…”. Throughout the story the " - emphasis - StaticText " is in use." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "For a similar parable see below, lines 258 sqq." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText ": this word, hitherto unexplained, occurs in the Šābuhragān (M 470 V 14, spelt z'yg). The sinners, roasting in hell, see." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Possibly “weapons”." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", 192/3." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText " below, F 43/4. For a discussion of " - emphasis - StaticText " see Zaehner, " - emphasis - StaticText "., IX, 315 sq. Perhaps one can understand Av. āhiti- as “ something that causes shame”, hence “stain”, etc. In that case " - emphasis - StaticText " could be compared to " - emphasis - StaticText ". As regards NPere. " - emphasis - StaticText ", mentioned by Zaehner, this may be connectedwith Sogd. yyr'k “foolish”. The word in DkM., 205s, is not necessarily " - emphasis - StaticText " (thus Zaehner, ibid., 312). It might be " - emphasis - StaticText "- = Pashto " - emphasis - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", lines 206–212." - StaticText " " - generic - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e99] - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", 13, 9, ήλθον πрóς aύτοÙς, кaì πάντ㎭ς συνγ·γμένοί έ" - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", 13, 4–6." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "i.e. the divine order for their punishment " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "[Other fragments of the same manuscript (“T i”), not however belonging to the " - emphasis - StaticText ", show that there were three columns to a page; hence, the correct order of the columns is: BCDEFA. Perhaps this text, too, is not a fragment of the " - emphasis - StaticText ".]." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText " is “persecute, harass”, not “show pity” as hitherto translated (S 9; " - emphasis - StaticText ", ii; " - emphasis - StaticText "., ii, 556, r 6)." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText " (" - emphasis - StaticText "., i), " - emphasis - StaticText "- (" - emphasis - StaticText "., ix, 183, 27): the derivation of these words from " - emphasis - StaticText " + " - emphasis - StaticText " by " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e100] - StaticText ", is based on the translation I had given; this translation, however, was based on nothing but this selfsame etymology." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText ", 10, 10." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "This passage in particular seems to show that the text is a fragment of the " - emphasis - StaticText ". There are two groups of sinners here: one is (apparently) to be transferred from a preliminary fireprison to the permanent hell at the end of the world (= the Egrēgoroi), the other consists of the κίβδηλι(= Giants). The digression on their final fate in the great conflagration, under the eyes of the self-satisfied Righteous (cf. " - emphasis - StaticText ", M 470 V), is well in keeping with Mani's discursive style." - StaticText " " - generic - emphasis - StaticText "- (different from Parth. " - emphasis - StaticText "- “to lead”) = “to fly” or “to hunt” ? Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText " (BBB., where the translation should be changed), " - emphasis - StaticText " 1356, 1407." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "My pupil I. Gershevitch thinks prβ'r should be derived from prβyr-. It is true that “explanation, announcement” fits most passages better than “chariot” Hence, " - emphasis - StaticText " rendered as “the great announcement”?." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See above, E 9–10; cf. pδ'rβ-, P 2, 1163, and " - emphasis - StaticText ", p. 57." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. " - emphasis - StaticText "., 105 (on f 78); Saka " - emphasis - StaticText "-, etc." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "'" - emphasis - StaticText "[ ? Hardly '" - emphasis - StaticText "δ[. If -" - emphasis - StaticText "[, from " - emphasis - StaticText "-, cf. MPers. " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - generic - link "Google Scholar link for dāman, Yidgha avlānd" [ref=e101] - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Hardly " - emphasis - StaticText " or " - emphasis - StaticText " (it should be " - emphasis - StaticText "), etc." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Possibly " - emphasis - StaticText ", but not " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Enoch, 17,1: θέλωσιν φααίνίνίαι ωσεί ανθρωποι. " - emphasis - StaticText "'δ, cf. Skt. " - emphasis - StaticText "-." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "viz. the human associates of the demons, esp. the “daughters of men”." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "viz. the giants and their children ? Or merely the children of the giants ? See below, S. According to Syncellus (" - emphasis - StaticText " " - emphasis - StaticText ".-" - emphasis - StaticText "., p. 25) there were three generations: (1) the giants, (2) the Nephīlīm, their sons, and (3) the Eliud, their grandsons. In the " - emphasis - StaticText " the giants are killed, or rather incited to kill each other, before the Egrēgoroi are punished (ch. 10). Their spirits shall roam the world, until the day of judgment, as πνεύμαία πονηρα (15,8–16,1)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "This passage shows that the Sogdian text had been translated from either Middle-Persian or Parthian (MPers. " - emphasis - StaticText ", Parthian " - emphasis - StaticText ")." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "'" - emphasis - StaticText " probably = skill, art, ability (differently, " - emphasis - StaticText "., p. 105)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See above, A 97." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Fairly cursive, difficult to read." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Probably by assimilation from " - emphasis - StaticText " (= " - emphasis - StaticText " in " - emphasis - StaticText ")." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Read: " - emphasis - StaticText "?? Or: " - emphasis - StaticText ", etc. The word δβ' " - emphasis - StaticText " (etc.) cannot possibly be fitted in. One naturally expects: … " - emphasis - StaticText " ⃜ ϒ" - emphasis - StaticText "δ δβ' " - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Short for ”" - emphasis - StaticText " ϒ" - emphasis - StaticText "; apparently not: ”" - emphasis - StaticText "." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See above, 6 28–9, and below, text M. According to " - emphasis - StaticText ", ch. 8, the fallen angels imparted to mankind unholy arts and undesirable knowledge, e.g. astrology, cosmetics, soothsaying, metallurgy, production of weapons, even the art of writing (ch. 69, 9)." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Copyist's mistake (read: " - emphasis - StaticText ")." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Presumably the stellar demons." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. JRAS., 1942, 232 n. 6." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "If Mani's famous " - emphasis - StaticText " was indeed a picture-book, this " - emphasis - StaticText " may well have been the explanatory text published together with it; cf. Polotsky's suggestion, " - emphasis - StaticText ", 18, n. 1, on Mani's είκων (but see BBB., pp. 9 sq.). There is no reason for “identifying” the " - emphasis - StaticText " with Mani's " - emphasis - StaticText " (Schaeder, " - emphasis - StaticText ", 9, 347). The fragments of the " - emphasis - StaticText " (M 35, M 186, M 205, M 258, M 740, T ii K, T iii D 278) will be published at some other opportunity." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "The point is that A eats or kills B, after B had finished C. A man killed his brother over the treasure, but was killed by a third party, etc. The Great Fire will devour the bodily fire which had swallowed the “exterior fire”. Hence, Ohya killed Leviathan, but was killed by Raphael." - StaticText " " - generic - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e102] - StaticText ", quotes my article on Enoch, and my paper in " - emphasis - StaticText "., 1936, p. 4, and remarks that " - emphasis - StaticText " I had forgotten Al-Ghaḍanfar's notice on Sām and Narīmān. Less careless readers will find Ghaḍanfar's notice quoted in " - emphasis - StaticText " on the page cited by Wikander." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "See above, A 98." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Cf. above, A 105 sqq." - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "Presumably the number of years supposed to have passed from the time of Enoch to the beginning of the reign of Vištāsp. The date for Enoch was probably calculated with the help of the Jewish world-era, or the mundane era of Alexandria (beginning 5493 B.C.), or by counting backwards from the Deluge. Taking 3237 B.C. (but 3251 B.C. according to the Coptic chronology) as the date of the Deluge (see " - generic - StaticText "Taqizadeh, S. H., BSOS., X, 122, under c), and adding 669 (= from Enoch's death to the Deluge according to the Hebrew Genesis), and subtracting the number in our fragment, 3,28[8 ?], from 3,237 + 669 = 3,906, the resulting date, 618 B.C., agrees perfectly with the traditional Zoroastrian date for the beginning of Vištāsp's reign (258 + 30 years before Alexander's conquest of Persia, 330 B.C.; cf. Taqizadeh,127 sq.). From this one may infer that the famous date for Zoroaster: “258 years before Alexander” was known to Mani (Nyberg, " - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e103] - StaticText " " - generic - StaticText "The name is possibly to be restored in " - generic - link "Google Scholar link for " [ref=e104] - complementary "article tools" - DescriptionList - term "27" - definition - link "Open cited by modal 27 existing citations" [ref=e33] - contentinfo - link "Cambridge University Press" [ref=e7] - image "Cambridge University Press" - navigation - heading "Our Site" [level=2, ref=e20] - list - listitem [level=1] - link "Cambridge Core accessibility page" [ref=e54] - listitem [level=1] - link "Cambridge Core contact & help page" [ref=e55] - listitem [level=1] - link "Cambridge Core legal notices page" [ref=e56] - listitem [level=1] - button "Change your cookie settings" [ref=e57] - listitem [level=1] - link "Cancel your order. Opens in a new window." 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